LAD #30.

AP American History
5 April 2007
LAD: Brown VS Board of Education
The famed United States Supreme Court Case of Brown VS the Board of Education marked the beginnings of an era of civil rights movements and the ultimate goal of equality among the races ad citizens of the nation. As the doctrine ‘separate but equal’ at the time ruled constitutional, public organizations were all segregated by race, including the public schooling system. The schools across America, however, were held to far from equal standards, with the example that little third-grader Linda Brown gave in Topeka Arkansas. Because Linda was made to walk over a mile to the elementary school for blacks after being turned away from the closer and more superior school for white children, in 1951 her father Oliver Brown appealed with the support of other black parents McKinley Burnett and the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.) The U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas heard Brown's case from June 25-26, 1951 while the NAACP argued that the separate schools truly were unequal and that the colored children were being robbed of any experience dealing with the white community. The most serious proclamation was that upon being segregated, the black children were taught to believe that they themselves were inferior to their white neighbors. In turn the Board of Education argued that the separation within school districts simply prepared all participants of the segregation experienced throughout adult life as well. Due to the strong preceding case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the court ruled in favor of the Board of Education.
After the initial setback, Brown and the NAACP appealed to the Supreme Court on October 1, 1951 and their case was combined with other cases that challenged school segregation in various states. Finally, after a period of careful thoughtfulness, on May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren read the decision of the unanimous Court, in favor of Brown and the NAACP, due to the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Although the case did not abolish segregation in all public areas in general, it did wipe out the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy for public education. This was a major step forward in the realm of racial equality ion the Untied States.

LAD #29 truman doctrine

Lad #29
The Truman Doctrine
PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN'S ADDRESS BEFORE A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS
MARCH 12, 1947

I am called to make this address as it deals with the foreign policy and the national security, and the nations of Greece and Turkey. The Greek Government, which is less blessed than this nation in terms of wealth, has sent an urgent appeal to the Untied States for financial and economic assistance to remain a free nation. Since the evil days of occupation in 1940, when the Germans were destroying all the railways, roads, port facilities, communications, and merchant marine developments, their resources have been completely drained which caused political chaos. The Greek Government has additionally asked for the knowledge of America’s skilled and experienced economists to produce a stable and self-sustaining economy and to improve its public administration as a whole. Above all we should aid the Greeks if only to help with the issues of security and natural order, which all citizens of the world desire and deserve. The Greek state is currently being menaced by terrorist activities of thousands of armed men, led by the dangerous Communists. Though the UN has commissioned a security council to check the power of the Communist party in this area of the world, the Greek state is in great peril as their small military is poorly trained and equipped. We must help the Greeks become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy, as we are the only nation strong enough to defend this cause for them. By no means is any governmental system perfect, and the Greek Government has been operating in an atmosphere of chaos and extremism. We may at this time, also consider the status of Greece’s neighbor Turkey, who also needs our support at this time. Turkey has sought financial support of The Untied States and Great Britain, to preserve national integrity and achieve a level of modernization. In regards to the broad implications that have discussed, one of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the creation of conditions of other nations that will be able to work out a way of life free from coercion. This is why the creation of The United Nations, designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence, is of such importance. Because we must act swiftly to effect change, I now ask the Congress to provide authority for assistance to Greece and Turkey in the amount of $400,000,000 for the period ending June 30, 1948. At this time I would also ask the Congress to authorize the detail of American civilian and military personnel to Greece and Turkey and approve the necessary funds.

LAD: 22 Wilson Inaugural

Skylar Jameson
AP American History
Mr. DeCarlo
7 February 2007
Lad 22: Wilson's First Inaugural
Tuesday, March 4, 1913
The recent change in government, that began two years ago when the House of Representatives became Democratic, is now complete as the Senate has also become Democratic. This swift change of power involves a change of point of view and plan; and will be used for the better of the nation as a whole. The effectiveness of government will reflect the strength, beauty and ability of the people, as the body of wealth, industries and individuals will benefit. Problems, however, have and will arise, with the corrosion of gold as an example. The government has now heard the people’s groans at various injustices with squander and over taxation, and these issues shall be addressed. The duty of this new Democratic government is to cleanse, reconsider, restore, and correct the evils of this nation without impairing the good. The flow of economics and private interests will be restored in this great nation, with a banking and currency system based upon the necessity of the Government and the needs of the people. In no other country can there be found a more effective or productive economy. Furthermore, this nation will be leaders into a new day of social equality and health benefits. Improved health and sanitation will be a service to all humanity. This day will be one of dedication over all other things, as we will strive together towards a goal of restoration verses revolution or destruction. Under God and every citizen of the United States of America I will not fail in delivering to the needs of the people, as I call every faithful and patriotic America to follow me into tomorrow.

LAD #28, FDR inaugural

LAD # 28.

FDR's First Inaugural

Saturday, March 4, 1933

The time has come to boldly speak the truth, so that the nation may revive and will prosper. I have a firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. The understanding and support of the people themselves will be this nation’s greatest victory. We will stand together as leaders to face the difficulties that lie before us, including risen taxes, withered trade relations. Yet, we still have so much to be thankful for, with the bounty of the land and the capabilities of its great people. There has been much distress associated with economics in the recent past, as we have been faced by failure of credit, which only lead to the lending of more money. We must now move forward and connect the appreciated social value to economic relations. Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort.
Despite the glimmer and shine of materialistic wealth we must hold true to the moral fiber that hold civilization together; remember the importance of honesty, honor, relationships and the sacredness of truth. With changes in ethics there must also be a change in action. Nationwide employment will be the key to our success. In the future there must be a strict supervision of all banking and credits and investments, and a sound and efficient currency on which to rely. Though highly significant to success, our international trade are at this moment, secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy. We must not question or distrust democracy, but follow the codes of the written and sound Constitution of our forefathers. At this time may the Lord God guide and protect the nation and its each and every member.

LAD#27 Kellogg-Briand

LAD #27

The Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact 1928

A Proclamation of the President of the Untied States of America

The Kellogg-Braind Peace Pact of 1928 is a treaty between the President of the United States Of America, the President of the German Reich, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the French Republic, His Majesty the King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, His Majesty the King of Italy, His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, the President of the Republic of Poland, and the President of the Czechoslovak Republic, denouncing war and proclaiming peace for all. I is a formal announcement of the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. This treaty, signed at Paris on the twenty-seventh day of August, one thousand nine hundred and twenty-eight, is for the benefit and the promotion of welfare for all of humanity. In the event of conflict, it is understood that a resolution of peaceful means shall be respected. The following nations have also agreed to the terms of this document since the July 24, 1929:Afghanistan Finland Peru Albania Guatemala Portugal Austria Hungary Rumania Bulgaria Iceland Russia China Latvia Kingdom of the Serbs Cuba Liberia Croats and Slovenes Denmark Lithuania Siam Dominican Republic Netherlands Spain Egypt Nicaragua Sweden Estonia Norway Turkey Ethiopia Panama. Furthermore the following additions have been made: Persia, July 2, 1929; Greece, August 3, 1929; Honduras, August 6, 1929; Chile, August 12, 1929; Luxemburg August 14, 1929; Danzig, September 11, 1929; Costa Rica, October 1, 1929; Venezuela, October 24, 1929.

LAD #26

LAD #26
SCHENCK V. UNITED STATES; BAER V. UNITED STATES
March 3, 1919

The incriminating documents that were seized under a search warrant for the investigating of Socialist headquarters,(which was consistent with the Fourth and Fifth Amendments,) are now being used in a criminal prosecution against the general secretary of a Socialist party, who had charge of the office. There have been multiple examples of developments contrary to the Espionage Act of June 15, 1917, as Mr. Justice Holmes has presented to the Court. It may be noted that during the time when the United States was at war with Germany, the defendants knowingly conspired to have printed and then circulated the secret documents of subordination a obstruction, to men under the military service of this nation. By doing so the defendants have opposed the Act of May 18, 1917. The second offense would be to use the American mailing system for the transmission of matter declared to be ‘non-mail-able’ by the Act of June 15, 1917. However, it may also be noted that the First Amendment of the Constitution clearly supports the freedom of speech. The defendant, Schenck, who had been accused of the sending of this unacceptable material is a general secretary of the Socialist party. Furthermore, Schenck was undeniably involved with the printing and circulation of the 15,000 leaflets. An argument made was the search warrant was invalid, as it was intended to investigate the Socialist headquarters verses the Secretary in question. Valid arguments were then made in regards to ‘freedom of speech’. It was said that, while the importance of the freedom of speech remains, not any one man could yell “fire” in a crowed theater without actual knowledge of a fire, or hazardous conditions. As soon as one person violates the rights of others by speech, then it is no longer acceptable. Therefore the Act of 1917 was enlarged by the amending Act of May 16, 1918.

LAD #25

15 February 2007
LAD: #25
President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

Gentlemen of the Congress:
To discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace, we must now address the different opinions of both Russian representatives and representatives of the Central Powers. Our attention must now be focused into whether it may be possible to extend these parleys into a general conference with regard to terms of peace, and also to establish certain points in the interest of the United States of America and the World. It may be noted that the general principles of settlement which they at first suggested originated with the more liberal statesmen of Germany and Austria. Open covenants of peace and public diplomacy shall reign. In both war and peace absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters shall also be respected. Maintainment of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations shall also be observed. The consistency of domestic safety shall be respected through adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments. With regard to colonial claims there shall be a free and absolutely impartial adjustment. Furthermore, in regards to Russian, French and Belgium territories, all areas will be excavated and restored. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected, and the peoples of Austria-Hungary should be granted the fairest opportunities. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty. And an independent Polish state should be erected. Finally, an association of nations will be created to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike, demonstrating an international establishment.

LAD #24

7 February 2007
Lad 24:
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Regarding the prices for consumers, it shall be unlawful for any person involved in commerce, directly or indirectly, to discriminate in price between different purchasers of commodities of like grade and quality. Yet, it may also be noted that the Federal Trade Commission may, after investigation and hearing to all interested parties, fix and establish quantity limits. These limits may also be revised by the Federal Trade Commission. If at any point, this act is disobeyed the Commission is authorized to issue an order terminating the discrimination. In this case, payment or acceptance of commission, brokerage, or other compensation will be given. It shall also be against the law for any person engaged in commerce to pay or contact for the payment of anything of value to or for the benefit of a customer. Discrimination against one purchase over another by contracting to furnish or furnishing, will not be tolerated. Knowingly inducing or receiving discriminatory price will also be outlawed at this time. Nothing, however, in this Act shall prevent a cooperative association from returning to its members, as well as the exemption of non-profit institutions from price discrimination provisions. Because the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce, this article does not restrain or restrain the labor union of the United States of America.

LAD #23

7 February 2007
LAD 23:
Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916
The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 is officially instated, as the 1990 census reported that over two million children under the age of sixteen were working in the mills, mines, fields, factories, stores, and on city streets, with unsafe conditions and unfair hours and wages. Based on the 1906 proposal by Senator Albert J. Beveridge, the sale of all products from any factory, shop, or cannery that employed children under the age of 14, and from any mine that employed children under the age of 16, are banned from the American public. This is an act to prevent interstate commerce in the products of child labor, and for other purposes, and worked towards the appeasement of social reformers, the public and the children themselves. The Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor shall regulate a board to revise and enforce the labor laws outlines in this Act. Furthermore, to ensure the strict accommodation of this Child Labor Act, there may be at any given time, a governmental inspection of any mine, quarry, factory, workshop, or place of manufacturing in the Untied States of America.

LAD #21

“An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations, and to Extend the Protection of the Laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for Other Purposes”

While respecting the decisions made by the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress, the following eleven sections address the conditions of the Indian reservations in the United States of America. The land of these reservations will be distributed with the head of each family keeping one-quarter, orphaned children under the age of eighteen as well as other children over the age of eighteen keeping one-eighth, and other children under the age of eighteen keeping one-sixteenth of the said land. In the case of a lack of appropriate land, the provisions will continue to follow the ratio given. Section two states that each allotment of land shall be decided upon by the Indians themselves. The allotments provided for in this act, shall be made by special agents appointed by the President, and furthermore, that any Indian not residing upon an appointed reservation, shall be able to make settlement upon any surveyed or unserved lands of the United States. According to the President and the Secretary of the Interior, the reservation lands shall be used for whatever religious or social proceedings of the Indians and that each American State and territory shall make further regulations for themselves. Each respective tribe or band shall be at all times held responsible to any criminal or unlawful actions under the law of their particular State or territory. The Secretary of the Interior shall also be responsible for the decisions in regard to irrigation and agricultural changes made in the reservations. This act shall not extend to the territory occupied by the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Osage, Miamies and Peorias, and Sacs and Foxes, nor to that strip of territory in the State of Nebraska adjoining the Sioux Nation, or the Seneca Nation. The sale of this worth of this land shall be one hundred thousand dollars. Nothing in this act shall interfere with the power of Congress to use highways or railroads through these lands, nor shall it prevent the removal of the Southern Ute Indians from their present reservation in Southwestern Colorado.

LAD #20.

William Jennings Bryan's “Cross of Gold” Speech


This issue of whether or not to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1, is unquestionably a matter of undying principal, verses simply a personal issue. The holy cause of liberty must be defended. The silver Democrats, in particular, are meeting to address the interests of the common people. We come together now, not as individuals, but as a collective group fighting to defend our beliefs. We stand here representing people who are the equals before the law, from the businessmen of this nations’ states, to the farmers, to the coal miners. Through this matter we must all fight for our homes, families, and posterity. The income tax was not unconstitutional when it was passed, meaning the income tax is a just law. With the example that Thomas Benton gave, you will find that he said that in searching history he could find but one parallel to Andrew Jackson. In addition, Mr. Jefferson, who was once regarded as good Democratic authority, seems to have a different opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the minority. I agree with Jefferson on this issue as the issue of money is a function of the government. In the past three months the sentiment concerning gold and economics has greatly shifted, as even the advocates of the gold standard did not think that we could elect a President. The change being that Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform that declared for the maintenance of the gold standard, until it should be changed into bimetallism by an international agreement. In this issue we shall prevail as we can simply point to their platform and tell them that their platform pledges the party to get rid of a gold standard and substitute bimetallism. Mr. Carlisle once said in 1878, that this was a struggle between the idle holders of idle capital and the struggling masses. Fellow Americans and friends, we shall declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation.

LAD #20.

William Jennings Bryan's “Cross of Gold” Speech


This issue of whether or not to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1, is unquestionably a matter of undying principal, verses simply a personal issue. The holy cause of liberty must be defended. The silver Democrats, in particular, are meeting to address the interests of the common people. We come together now, not as individuals, but as a collective group fighting to defend our beliefs. We stand here representing people who are the equals before the law, from the businessmen of this nations’ states, to the farmers, to the coal miners. Through this matter we must all fight for our homes, families, and posterity. The income tax was not unconstitutional when it was passed, meaning the income tax is a just law. With the example that Thomas Benton gave, you will find that he said that in searching history he could find but one parallel to Andrew Jackson. In addition, Mr. Jefferson, who was once regarded as good Democratic authority, seems to have a different opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the minority. I agree with Jefferson on this issue as the issue of money is a function of the government. In the past three months the sentiment concerning gold and economics has greatly shifted, as even the advocates of the gold standard did not think that we could elect a President. The change being that Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform that declared for the maintenance of the gold standard, until it should be changed into bimetallism by an international agreement. In this issue we shall prevail as we can simply point to their platform and tell them that their platform pledges the party to get rid of a gold standard and substitute bimetallism. Mr. Carlisle once said in 1878, that this was a struggle between the idle holders of idle capital and the struggling masses. Fellow Americans and friends, we shall declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation.

LAD #19

Populist Party Platform, 1892 (July 4, 1892)

The Populist Party of the 1890s represented a third party, separate from the Democratic and Republic, who opposed the "concentrated capital" of banks and big business, and acted as an opposition to the many changes of the Gilded Age in America. The Populist Party Platform includes a preamble, a platform and an expression of sentiments. The economic issues at hand, have lead our nation into moral, political and material ruin, as the power to create money is entrusted only to wealthy bond-holders, and silver has been demonetized with gold. To the end the present oppression, injustice, and poverty, power and influence must be granted to the common people. Therefore, at this time the perpetual and permanent labor union shall be created, where wealth will belong to whoever makes it. Finance, transportation, and land shall be regulated by the government at all times, with a safe, sound, and flexible national currency, and a people’s interest infrastructure and land. A free ballot, and a fair count in all elections is demanded, with no interference by Federal government. With regard to the taxation of industries, the revenue derived from a graduated income tax should be applied to the reduction these burdensome taxes. Let it be known also that the ex-Union soldiers and sailors are to be supported and respected, as undesirable immigration is to be halted. The Pinkerton system is to be seen as a menacing program, yet, we cordially sympathize with the efforts of organized workingmen to shorten the hours of labor. We support the initiative and referendum, which is the favorable consideration of the people. National aid to any private corporation is opposed, as the restriction of one-term offices for Presidents and Vice Presidents are to be recognized.

LAD #21. dawes act

“An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations, and to Extend the Protection of the Laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for Other Purposes”

While respecting the decisions made by the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress, the following eleven sections address the conditions of the Indian reservations in the United States of America. The land of these reservations will be distributed with the head of each family keeping one-quarter, orphaned children under the age of eighteen as well as other children over the age of eighteen keeping one-eighth, and other children under the age of eighteen keeping one-sixteenth of the said land. In the case of a lack of appropriate land, the provisions will continue to follow the ratio given. Section two states that each allotment of land shall be decided upon by the Indians themselves. The allotments provided for in this act, shall be made by special agents appointed by the President, and furthermore, that any Indian not residing upon an appointed reservation, shall be able to make settlement upon any surveyed or unserved lands of the United States. According to the President and the Secretary of the Interior, the reservation lands shall be used for whatever religious or social proceedings of the Indians and that each American State and territory shall make further regulations for themselves. Each respective tribe or band shall be at all times held responsible to any criminal or unlawful actions under the law of their particular State or territory. The Secretary of the Interior shall also be responsible for the decisions in regard to irrigation and agricultural changes made in the reservations. This act shall not extend to the territory occupied by the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Osage, Miamies and Peorias, and Sacs and Foxes, nor to that strip of territory in the State of Nebraska adjoining the Sioux Nation, or the Seneca Nation. The sale of this worth of this land shall be one hundred thousand dollars. Nothing in this act shall interfere with the power of Congress to use highways or railroads through these lands, nor shall it prevent the removal of the Southern Ute Indians from their present reservation in Southwestern Colorado.

LAD #18 McKinely's War

William McKinley’s War Message

"In the name of humanity...
The war in Cuba must stop."
After the ultimatum given to Spain by the Untied States in March 1898, Spain finally ceased all fighting and granted an armistice to the Cuban revolutionists participating in the bloody Cuban war. Upon this action, President McKinley asked Congress to take steps to bring an end to the conflict in Cuba, yet despite these initial neutral efforts, Congress adopted a joint resolution which plunged the United States into war on the side of the Cubans.
April 11, 1898
To the Congress of the United States:
As President of the Untied States and as the Constitution requires, I will now pass on information from the union of the state, and recommend specific actions in regard to the grave Cuban situation. The brutal circumstances of the fighting in Cuba have effected the United States if America for nearly half a century. In addition to the cruel and uncivilized nature of warfare, our trade and capital has also suffered. Even though it would still be preferable to achieve a
rational compromise, as stated in my address in December, the recognition of the independence of Cuba may be impracticable and indefensible. The solid grounds of our intervention include the protection of humanity against inhumane bloodshed, the protection of citizens and their lives and property, to protect our trade and commerce, and ultimately to save the peace of our government as a whole. The reality of these dangers have been brought to our attention through several events including the destruction of the Maine. For the innocent and starving Cubans caught in the hellish condition of warfare and also for the public of the Untied States of America depend on the absolute halt of the Cuban war. It is with these thoughts on mind that I now ask the Congress to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between the government of Spain and the people of Cuba, and furthermore, to ensure a successful and stable government for the Cuban people.